Supreme Court Judgement in Arjun Jani Case

It is entirely in the fitness of things, and so also most commendable to watch that while extending the benefit of doubt to a man who had to suffer 22 years in jail without any reliable evidence, the Supreme Court in a most learned, laudable, landmark, logical and latest judgement titled Arjun Jani v. State of Orissa in Criminal Appeal of 2026 (@Special Leave Petition (Crl.) No.7128 of 2026) and cited in Neutral Citation No.: 2026 INSC 802 that was pronounced just recently on August 4, 2026, in the exercise of its criminal appellate jurisdiction has minced absolutely just no words to hold indubitably as mentioned in para 18 that:

“Three lives were snuffed out, having been bludgeoned to death, a person taken into custody on mere suspicion from whom a confession; though not admissible was extracted employing third-degree methods, the trial court fails to evaluate the evidence properly and the High Court remains a moot spectator while adding to the tally of disposals; cumulatively resulting in 22 years being erased out of a person’s life without any reliable evidence.”

Supreme Court Sets Aside Conviction Of Arjun Jani

We thus see that the Apex Court Bench deemed it fit to set aside the conviction of one Arjun Jani, who had been sentenced to life imprisonment under Section 302 of the IPC for the murder of a woman in Odisha.

Arjun Jani Acquitted By Supreme Court

The top court thus acquitted him and cancelled his bail bond and also directed the District Legal Services Authority at Koraput to assist in Jani’s rehabilitation and resettlement with support from the District Collector’s office.

Key Directions In The Arjun Jani Case

22 Years In Jail Without Reliable Evidence

The Supreme Court’s observations highlight the serious consequences of a criminal conviction based on unreliable evidence. The case involved a person who remained in jail for 22 years, despite there being no reliable evidence to sustain his conviction.

Very rightly so!

At the very outset, this brief, brilliant, bold and balanced judgement authored by Hon’ble Mr Justice K Vinod Chandran for a bench of the Apex Court comprising Hon’ble Mr Justice JB Pardiwala and himself sets the ball in motion by first and foremost putting forth most plainly in para 2 that:

“We are deeply dismayed, and equally perturbed by the order which rejected an application seeking condonation of delay of 3157 days and as a consequence dismissed the ‘Jail Memo of Appeal’ against the order of conviction under Section 302, with sentence imposed of life imprisonment where the convict had, at the time of the impugned order suffered incarceration of 12 years and now a further period of 10 years; a total of 22 years.”

Supreme Court On Delay In Criminal Appeals

Most remarkably, the Bench underscores in para 3 holding precisely that:

“Access to justice still eludes the marginalized sections of our society and especially those convicted and imprisoned from amongst them. When the three pillars of democracy consistently endeavor to bring legal aid to the doorsteps of every citizen, especially the poor, the needy and the deprived, we, in the Constitutional Courts should introspect to sensitize ourselves in taking a liberal approach insofar as delay occasioned in filing an appeal from an order of conviction and sentence, depriving a person, the most valuable and fundamental of all rights; liberty. Not a mere liberal approach but a pro-active one to condone delay, however large it is when a convict knocks at the door of a Court, in appeal, which in the present case raises some real concerns.”

Access to Justice for Marginalised Convicts

It is worth noting that the Bench notes in para 4 that:

“The above appeal filed with assistance from the legal services, after undergoing 22 years in prison, is filed with a delay of 3703 days, which has already been condoned by a Coordinate Bench. The Coordinate Bench, in which one of us, (J. B. Pardiwala, J.) was a member, by order dated 07.05.2026, termed the impugned order to be very disturbing and noticed thus: -

“7. The High Court, while declining to condone the delay, ought to have considered the fact that the petitioner was already undergoing sentence past 12 years. The High Court ought to have also considered that it was an appeal through jail. This itself was sufficient for the High Court to take a practical view or rather a sympathetic view of the matter and at least ought to have condoned the delay so as to give one opportunity to the petitioner to argue his criminal appeal on merits. As on date, the petitioner has undergone almost 22 years of sentence.”

Jail Appeal And Condonation Of Delay

It cannot be lost sight of that the Bench lays bare in para 5 disclosing that:

“The Conduct Certificate issued by the jail authorities certified that during the period of confinement the conduct and behavior of the appellant was satisfactory, he maintained good relationship with co-prisoners and was at no time punished for any jail offence. The Coordinate Bench released the appellant on bail on his execution of personal bond of Rs.10,000/- to the satisfaction of the Jail Superintendent. The District Legal Services Authority, Koraput, State of Odisha was also directed to prepare an appropriate representation, seeking remission of sentence in accordance with the remission policy prevailing at the time of the commission of offence or any beneficial policy thereafter.”

Role of Legal Services Authorities

The judgement also highlights the role of legal services authorities in ensuring access to justice for prisoners who may otherwise face significant procedural barriers in pursuing their legal remedies.

• The appeal was filed with assistance from the legal services.
• The appellant had undergone 22 years in prison.
• The District Legal Services Authority, Koraput, was directed to prepare an appropriate representation.
• The representation concerned remission of sentence under the applicable remission policy.

Supreme Court Examines Three-Women Murder Case

Be it noted, the Bench notes in para 6 that:

“On the last date of hearing, since the case revealed the murder of three women, which information led to the initiation of criminal prosecution, we were apprehensive of whether the deaths were the result of a psychological aberration. We hence summoned the Station House Officer (SHO) of the jurisdictional Police Station so as to understand whether there were any serial killings of like nature reported during the time when the instant murders were brought to light, especially when the women were alleged to have been killed with stones, smashing their heads in a public road. The SHO was present today and he informed us that on examination of records, there was no like incident reported at the time when the subject incident came to light.”

Police Records and Alleged Serial Killings

The Bench, therefore, examined the available police records to determine whether the incident formed part of any similar pattern of killings. The Station House Officer informed the Court that no similar incident had been reported during the relevant period.

Remission Policy and State Sentencing Review Board

It is worth paying unremitting attention to the Bench's revelation in para 7, stating that:

“The learned Counsel appearing for the State referred to Annexure P4, in answer to a query regarding the remission policy. It is seen from Annexure P4 that the application of the appellant for remission was rejected six times, the last of which was on 19.09.2025. The order noticed that after 22 years of actual imprisonment, he is 45 years of age and with remission he would have undergone 25 years of incarceration.

It is specifically recorded that “It is submitted here that both the Policy for the year 2000 and the current Policy (2022) are beneficial to the Petitioner with regard to his Premature Release”. However, the Deputy I.G. of Prisons lamented that as per Clause 6(4) of Law Department Resolution dated 26.09.2000 as well as Clause 8(4) of the current Policy, the case of the petitioner will be reconsidered by the State Sentencing Review Board (SSRB) only after expiry of one year from the date of last consideration.

The lament falls on deaf ears, and the prior rejections were also due to apprehension of law and order situation arising since the people of the locality were against his release; which in every circumstance cannot be a cause, not to judiciously exercise the power of remission.”

Key Points On Remission

• The appellant's remission application was rejected six times.
• The last rejection was on 19.09.2025.
• The appellant had undergone 22 years of actual imprisonment.
• The 2000 and 2022 remission policies were stated to be beneficial to the petitioner regarding premature release.
• The State Sentencing Review Board (SSRB) could reconsider the case only after the expiry of one year from the last consideration.
• The Bench noted that apprehension of a law and order situation cannot, by itself, justify failure to judiciously exercise the power of remission.

Bench Examines The Evidence And Scene Of Occurrence

It cannot be glossed over that the Bench observes in para 8 that:

“Be that as it may, we looked into the merits of the matter and from the testimonies we see a pall of incredulity. Before we examine the evidence, we have to notice that the scene of occurrence, as discernible from the depositions, was a locality; with cluttered houses, no electricity, a factory nearby which operates with deafening sound and inhabited by people from the marginalized sections. The deceased were numbered three and named Kamala, Sonbari & Ratanai, residing in the place, in separate houses. The witnesses too were neighboring residents.”

Scene Of Occurrence And Witnesses

• The locality had cluttered houses.
• There was no electricity.
• A nearby factory operated with deafening sound.
• The locality was inhabited by people from the marginalised sections.
• Three deceased persons were identified as Kamala, Sonbari & Ratanai.
• The witnesses were neighbouring residents.

Eyewitness Testimony and Res Gestae Evidence

It merits noting that the Bench notes in para 10 that:

“The prosecution went to trial with the eyewitness testimony and the corroboration by way of res gestae, as coming out from PWs 1 to 4 & 7, who have different versions as to how they came to hear the version of PW3 about the incident. In cross examination it was deposed that she witnessed the assault from within her house, peeping through a gap in the door at 1o’ clock in the night.

The Investigating Officer (I.O.) denied the testimony of PW3 that she spoke of the occurrence to PW2, having been stated to him at the time of investigation. The testimony of PW4 that PW2 was trembling out of fear and she slept in her house also was not recorded in her statement under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr. PC).”

Discrepancies in Eyewitness Evidence

• The prosecution relied upon eyewitness testimony.
• Corroboration was also sought through res gestae evidence.
• PWs 1 to 4 & 7 gave different versions regarding how they came to hear PW3's version of the incident.
• PW3 stated that she witnessed the assault through a gap in the door at 10 o'clock in the night.
• The Investigating Officer denied the testimony concerning PW3 speaking to PW2 about the occurrence.
• The statement regarding PW2 trembling out of fear and sleeping in PW4's house was not recorded under Section 161 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Cr. PC).

Investigation, Confession, and Recovery Evidence

Truly speaking, the Bench rightly points out in para 12 that:

“Relevant is also the fact that the I.O, PW13, who also carried out the inquest has not spoken of the scene of occurrence nor prepared a sketch, especially when three bodies of murdered victims were recovered. It is pertinent that PW13 does not have any explanation as to how he reached the accused and arrested him.

But he speaks of a confession having been made by the accused after his arrest which definitely cannot be relied upon; inadmissible under Section 25 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872. Very significantly PW8, one of the witnesses of the recovery under Section 27, speaks of the police having beat the accused to extract the confession.”

Investigating Officer and Confession Evidence

• The Investigating Officer, PW13, also carried out the inquest.
• The Investigating Officer did not speak of the scene of occurrence.
• No sketch of the scene was prepared.
• There was no explanation as to how PW13 reached the accused and arrested him.
• The Bench noted the issue concerning the alleged confession after arrest.
• The Bench observed that the confession could not be relied upon and was inadmissible under Section 25 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872.
• PW8, a witness to the recovery under Section 27, spoke of the police beating the accused to extract the confession.

Eyewitness Testimony And The Standard Of Proof

Plainly speaking, the Bench observes in para 14 that:

“The eyewitness testimony alone resulted in the conviction of the accused, which is not impermissible, but only when the testimony is believable, credible, consistent with the other circumstances and inspires the confidence of the Court and not when there are serious discrepancies raising a reasonable doubt as to the witnessing of the incident.”

When Eyewitness Testimony Can Support Conviction

The Bench makes it clear that eyewitness testimony can, by itself, result in a conviction. However, such testimony must satisfy the required standards of credibility and reliability.

• The testimony must be believable.
• The testimony must be credible.
• The testimony must be consistent with the other circumstances.
• The evidence must inspire the confidence of the Court.
• Serious discrepancies that create a reasonable doubt about whether the witness actually saw the incident can undermine the prosecution case.

Judicial Assessment of Eyewitness Testimony

Quite significantly, the Bench points out in para 15 that "PW3 speaks of having known the accused and the deceased women and testified that at about 8/9 pm on the ill-fated night, the accused was shouting ‘to kill somebody'." He is said to have gone to her house and picked up a pot when her husband was present. At midnight, she got up hearing a sound and, through a gap in the door, witnessed one murder, after which she fled. She did not speak of the other murders, though PW7, who met her the next morning at the Tea Shop, speaks of PW3 having told him about three murders, first Kamala, then Sonbari and lastly, Ratanai. PW4 did not ask why PW3 came to her house at midnight despite finding her to be trembling with fear. None were awakened in the night despite three murders having occurred at night. The three bodies were strewn around at the scene without any explanation as to why the victims came out of the house in the dead of the night. None of the relatives or co-inhabitants of the deceased were examined, nor was it brought out that they were residing alone.”

Shaky and Improbable Eyewitness Testimony

Most significantly and most forthrightly, the Bench then aptly encapsulates in para 17 what constitutes the cornerstone of this notable judgement, postulating precisely that, “As we found, the testimony of the eyewitness is shaky and highly improbable; it does not lead to a definite conclusion that the accused murdered the three women. In any event, though the accused was alleged to have committed three murders, he has been convicted for only one of those witnessed by PW3. We are of the opinion that the prosecution leaves a lot to be desired, and there lingers a serious doubt in our minds as to the finding of guilt entered by the trial court on the sole testimony of the eyewitness, which in the given circumstances is found to be highly improbable. We hence set aside the judgement of the trial court and acquitted the accused. As we noticed, the accused was released on a personal bond of Rs.10,000/-, which shall stand cancelled.”

22 Years Lost Without Reliable Evidence

Most commendably and equally significant is that the Bench then underlines in para 18, holding that “Three lives were snuffed out, having been bludgeoned to death; a person taken into custody on mere suspicion from whom a confession, though not admissible, was extracted employing third-degree methods; the trial court fails to evaluate the evidence properly, and the High Court remains a moot spectator while adding to the tally of disposals, cumulatively resulting in 22 years being erased out of a person’s life without any reliable evidence.”

Direction for Rehabilitation and Resettlement

It would be instructive to note that the Bench then directs and holds in para 19 that "We deem it appropriate to direct the District Legal Services Authority, Koraput, State of Odisha, to attempt rehabilitation or resettlement of the appellant for which the District Administration, headed by the District Collector, shall assist.”

Appeal Allowed With Directions

Further, the Bench then directs in para 20, holding that "the appeal stands allowed with the above directions.”

Pending Applications Disposed Of

Finally, the Bench then concludes by directing and holding in para 21 that "Pending applications, if any, shall also stand disposed of.”

Sanjeev Sirohi, Advocate,
s/o Col (Retd) BPS Sirohi, A - 82, Defence Enclave,
Sardhana Road, Kankerkhera, Meerut – 250001, Uttar Pradesh.